When a bad thing happens, but there is social stuff / an implied social expectation that "it's fine," or there is cognitive dissonance that you WANT to be fine makes more negativity occur!
Or the problem is caring too much: "I feel anxious for exams..." (secondary damage resulting in a loop - because the first principle is that you want to feel okay, except that exams make nearly everyone anxious, and the exception is an exception; the normal of being anxious is the most normal.)
Or: You knew you didn't do your homework; you know you're getting punished, so you feel bad in addition to the physical act of punishment. (Even if you know the teacher is nice, the guilt often is more punishing than even a 1-hour detention!)
The themes are:
Happens in the future
Fear, yet because it is uncontrollable: Stress before it, adding to the
stress of the event itself
I just realized Buddhism had the same thing: the second arrow.
Just-world fallacy and cognitive dissonance. In fact, anything that the brain doesn't want to be that way, but reality is, and it's hard to comprehend, may cause secondary negativity.